Practice More Safely // Risk Tips // Not Every Patient Can Have Every Procedure

Not Every Patient Can Have Every Procedure

Case Study

Marc Leffler, DDS, Esq.
June 2025

Reading time: 8 minutes

Dental Equipment laying on cart inside dental office before surgery.

Background Facts

A 57-year-old, post-menopausal woman presented to her regular restorative dentist, Dr. E, whom she had seen for a number of years, and in whom she had trust and confidence. She had lost her 4 upper incisors in a bicycle accident some 5-7 years prior, but was no longer cosmetically satisfied with the removable partial denture she had been wearing, despite the fact that she had been functioning quite well with it. She had seen television commercials touting the benefits of dental implants to allow for the replacement of missing teeth, and she was struck by the degree to which cosmetics could be improved in situations much like hers.

On her updated health history form, she noted that her only medical issues were related to laboratory outcomes, which demonstrated a moderately elevated serum calcium level, and a bone density study about 3 years prior to the current visit which revealed widespread osteopenia with focal areas of osteoporosis. As a result, she had been on a regular oral regimen of a bisphosphonate, prescribed by her primary care physician, since shortly after the diagnoses of osteopenia and osteoporosis were made.

After briefly discussing the patient’s medical history with her, Dr. E stated that he was not concerned with her bone condition or the medical treatment for it, especially because the last monthly oral dose had been taken 20 days earlier, and because she had suffered no associated problems during her 2 ½ years of taking the medication. A surgical appointment was scheduled for 3 days later, when the patient was able to schedule some time off from work.

On the day of surgery, Ms. P was handed a consent form by a dental assistant, and asked to read it, after which she was to sign it. The patient had some questions regarding the written risks, but the assistant assured her that this form was “just for the lawyers”, so she shouldn’t be concerned; the assistant added that Dr. E has been placing implants for a long time and is excellent at what he does, so all of his patients do well and there was nothing to worry about. The patient signed the form before the doctor came into the room, and nothing was said about it or its contents after he arrived. A nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was given through a nasal mask, followed by local anesthesia, and 4 carefully chosen implants were surgically placed in the sites that teeth 7, 8, 9, and 10 had occupied, without the need for any bone grafting, all under copious irrigation and attention to textbook-like detail, after which the site was sutured. The patient’s partial denture was relieved of pressure points on the underlying gingiva, and reinserted. Ms. P was discharged home, with prescriptions for antibiotics (for one week) and analgesics, and appointed to return in a week for suture removal.

At that post-op visit, the patient complained of continuous, low-grade discomfort and tenderness. Dr. E examined the area when he removed the sutures, and he noticed small shards of bone being ejected from the entire upper anterior region, which he removed, followed by irrigation. Ms. P was discharged and advised to return in 4 months for preparation for implant uncovering, or sooner if any problems developed or she had any concerns. Two weeks later, she returned with continuing symptoms, and an increasing number of bony spicules were noted and removed, so the site was again irrigated, with a refill prescription given for antibiotics. This was followed by weekly visits, each time with increasing pain, which was repeatedly treated with the same process of irrigating and removal of small bone fragments. Approximately 3 months after the implant placement, Dr. E took a radiograph for the first time post-operatively, a panoramic film, and noted areas of what looked to be bony sequestra and poorly defined radiolucencies. Unsure of what he was seeing, Dr. E referred the patient to an oral surgeon, who, that same day, took several specimens of bone from under a small flap, and sent them for pathology; a diagnosis of “osteomyelitis vs. osteonecrosis” was returned.

Given the patient’s bisphosphonate history, the oral surgeon concluded that Ms. P had developed bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), and planned a hospital admission for coordination with an infectious diseases specialist. After admission and concurrence by the medical specialist as to the likely BRONJ diagnosis, IV antibiotics were begun, and the oral surgeon then brought the patient to the operating room for open exploration and thorough debridement of the anterior maxilla. The amount of necrotic bone that had developed over the relatively short time was substantial, so the surgeon aggressively excised the necrotic bone, which extended to close to the nasal floor; all 4 implants were removed with the bone, as were both maxillary canine teeth. Ultimately, with no prosthodontic device in place for the next 4+ months, and with repeated regimens of antibiotics and antimicrobial rinses, the site healed, but with bony and soft tissue voids which were clearly apparent. Ms. P was eventually restored with a new removable partial denture which had a far worse cosmetic appearance and less functional ability, to include a hissing sound during speech, than her initial presenting appliance.

Legal Action

After Ms. P’s retained attorney obtained the dental and hospital records, and had an expert review them, a lawsuit was instituted against Dr. E, alleging negligence and lack of informed consent. The major claims of negligence were improper patient selection, the failure to consider and protect against the well-known effects of bisphosphonates, the failure to coordinate care with the patient’s primary care physician, and the failure to timely diagnose and act on the bony destructive process post-operatively, thereby leading to the loss of bone and teeth to the point that she could no longer adequately function and that a prominent area of her facial appearance was cosmetically unacceptable.

Case Defense Steps

Defense counsel obtained an expert who was a board-certified oral surgeon with much experience placing implants. The expert was critical of the approach taken by Dr. E, most particularly regarding selecting a patient for implants who, because of using a bisphosphonate, was at a high risk for BRONJ. Furthermore, while prescribing antibiotics was considered appropriate, delaying the first taking of a radiograph for 3 months, especially in the face of ongoing problems, and not referring to an oral surgeon early in the complication phase, were viewed by the expert as outside of the standard of care. Finally, the expert was critical of the fact that, prior to agreeing to perform this elective surgical procedure on this patient, Dr. E should have recognized the significance of the patient’s medication regimen and involved the patient’s primary care physician in the decision-making process by obtaining medical clearance.

In the lead-up to trial, counsel for the plaintiff and defendant engaged in a Court-ordered settlement conference, which led to an understanding regarding an appropriate settlement value, but subject to the agreement of Dr. E, whose dental malpractice policy allowed him the option of refusing a settlement in favor of going to trial. Only upon Dr. E’s agreement to settle were those terms accepted, thereby ending the case.

Takeaways

The concept of obtaining medical clearance from a patient’s physician is a judgment determination, but it ought to be considered when a patient presents with medical conditions, medication regimens, and/or social habits which the practitioner is either concerned about or unfamiliar with. If a dentist does consult with a physician, best practices dictate that the substance of the interaction be documented, preferably with a writing directly from the physician consultant, but minimally with a detailed, contemporaneous chart entry; in the event of subsequent litigation based upon a medical issue, such documentation will provide defense counsel with strong evidence of the dentist having taken appropriate steps. Patient selection criteria, based upon every patient parameter available, are paramount to a successful result and a satisfied patient. Here, the patient’s bisphosphonate regimen was an important, even critical, factor in that selection process; not every patient can have every procedure.

It is not the purpose of this case study to advise as to what treatments are appropriate, as that is left to the practitioner’s judgment, but certain concepts – such as developing differential diagnoses when problems arise, ongoing determinations as to when to use radiographs, and when to make referrals – are best considered thoroughly with all patient interactions.

When patients present for any cosmetic concern, dentists should recognize that cosmetics are subjective in nature, and might be viewed differently by patients and dentists, so there is an increased risk of patient dissatisfaction – or claimed dissatisfaction – when procedures are performed primarily for esthetic reasons, as compared with those performed purely for functional improvement.

When obtaining a patient’s informed consent, dentists should understand that this is not satisfied simply by receiving a signed piece of paper, regardless of how much detail that form contains; consent is a give-and-take process between doctor and patient, in language and terms understood by the patient, in which the patient is advised of the benefits of, alternatives to, and the foreseeable risks associated with the planned procedure and its viable alternatives. The process must be specific to the procedure and to the individual patient, taking into account that patient’s medical, surgical, and social history; when practitioners discuss risks not included on pre-printed forms, those should be documented in the chart. Obtaining informed consent is generally not delegable to a person other than the practitioner about to perform the procedure, although in some limited situations, a similarly trained practitioner who knows the case-specific facts may stand in for that purpose, but a dental assistant or other non-professional staff member is incapable of playing that role, as this case clearly demonstrates.

In a similar vein, it is all too common for non-professional office staff to render opinions, give advice, or otherwise comment upon treatment-related issues. Practitioners must realize that they are liable for any and all consequences which may arise from the actions/inactions of their staff members, so staff training is necessary to make the members aware that they must not provide any such information or recommendations to patients, other than for entirely administrative purposes. This concepts holds, as well, for telephone interactions between the patient and office staff, when the practitioner is rarely present and when patients frequently ask questions about their care or condition; such inquiries must be directed to the practitioner. As this case demonstrates, a dentist’s specifically stated grant of approval to a non-dentist to handle the obtaining of informed consent, or any other procedure not directly allowable under state law, does not make it permissible, and further, sets the dentist up for liability for actions by staff.

Finally, it is impossible to know what will ultimately lead to case resolutions, but when insurance carriers retain defense counsel who are experienced and aware of all available approaches, dentists and other professionals are best protected. And when practitioners’ liability policies allow them to decide whether or not to settle, they control their own destinies.

Note that this case presentation includes circumstances from several different closed cases, in order to demonstrate certain legal and risk management principles, and that identifying facts and personal characteristics were modified to protect identities. The content within is not the original work of MedPro Group but has been published with consent of the author. Nothing contained in this article should be construed as legal, medical, or dental advice. Because the facts applicable to your situation may vary, or the laws applicable in your jurisdiction may differ, please contact your personal or business attorney or other professional advisors if you have any questions related to your legal or medical obligations or rights, state or federal laws, contract interpretation, or other legal questions.

In this case study, we explore how a misidentified biopsy location – due to a miscommunication - resulted in wrong-site surgery and malpractice claims. The case highlights the importance of documentation accuracy in preventing risks.

Key Concepts

Preventing wrong-site surgery through pre-procedure precautions
Vicarious liability for documentation errors
Pure consent to settle clauses in malpractice policies

Background Facts

T, a 71-year-old man, was a retired carpenter, with a medical history of well-controlled hypertension and chronic, episodic sinusitis, and a social history of having smoked at various times in his life, as much as up to a pack of cigarettes a day. He visited his dentist, Dr. D, at irregular intervals and never wanted to establish a big-picture treatment plan. At his most recent visit, Dr. D noted a course, irregular white area at the buccal mucogingival junction around teeth #29-31. Not feeling comfortable making even a provisional diagnosis, Dr. D referred T to a periodontist, Dr. O, to evaluate the area and treat as needed. Dr. O performed an incisional biopsy of the area and sent it to an oral pathologist, Dr. H, for histopathological assessment. The lesion was read out provisionally as atypical epithelial proliferation, but Dr. H asked for a larger sample to be able to make a more definitive diagnosis.

Dr. O took a second specimen from an immediately adjacent site. Due to a clerical error, Dr. O entered into the chart that this specimen had been taken from the "lower left buccal gingiva," with her dental assistant repeating that error on the pathology request form that was forwarded to Dr. H with the tissue. After microscopically examining the specimen, Dr. H diagnosed it definitively. The report from Dr. H to Dr. O read "squamous cell carcinoma, moderately-to-well differentiated, lower left buccal gingiva," the latter aspect having been copied by Dr. H, exactly from the requisition provided by Dr. O's office with the most recent submission.

Upon seeing the words "squamous cell carcinoma," Dr. O immediately referred T to a double-degree oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Dr. M, who had head and neck surgery fellowship training, for evaluation and treatment, giving T a copy of the biopsy report to take with him. Dr. M reviewed Dr. H's report, examined T, noting a small lesion on the buccal aspect of teeth #30-31, and explained to T that he would need a PET scan to determine whether there had been any spread. Presuming no such spread, Dr. M advised T that the lesion could be successfully treated by surgery alone, specifically a marginal mandibulectomy and a limited neck dissection. The lesion had not spread, per the PET scan and other modalities, so the stated plan would go forward. T agreed and surgery was scheduled at a regional medical center.

On the day of surgery, T waited in a pre-surgery room, where his medical history was reviewed and identification was checked. A consent form stating the procedure to be "removal of portion of lower jaw, and neck dissection" was signed by T and witnessed by a nurse. Dr. M said a brief "hello" to T before changing into scrubs and entering the operating room, where T was already on the table. Dr. M asked the anesthesiologist to proceed.

Dr. M had taped Dr. H's biopsy report to the OR wall, read it again, and prepared to make an extraoral left submandibular incision, through which he would both remove a mandibular segment and perform the limited neck dissection. Technically, the procedure went forward uneventfully, with T then transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit. T's wife was brought in to see her husband while Dr. M was still there, dictating his operative note. She was aghast to see that surgery had been performed on T's left side, when she knew that the cancer was on the right. When she confronted Dr. M on the spot, he said, "here's the biopsy report, read it for yourself."

Shortly after T's initial surgical recovery, another surgeon treated T, this time correctly operating on the right side of T's face and neck. T suffered emotionally, to the extent that he sought and obtained psychological counseling, but he was never able to comfortably eat or drink, or otherwise normally function orally again. He required and received reconstruction bilaterally, but he always found it to be very compromised and esthetically unacceptable.

Legal Action

T retained a seasoned attorney, who collected all records and who obtained opinions from a general dentist (like Dr. D), a periodontist (like Dr. O), an oral pathologist (like Dr. H), and an OMS (like Dr. M). The general dentist saw no liability on Dr. D's part, as he had immediately made an appropriate referral. The oral pathologist similarly found no liability as to Dr. H, reasoning that oral pathologists in biopsy situations do not assess the patient clinically. They simply diagnose what they see microscopically, which he did accurately, and report the findings regarding the site that was conveyed on the requisition it had come from.

The conclusions as to Drs. O and M were quite the different. The expert periodontist stated his view of Dr. O's negligence succinctly: Dr. O's recording error which incorrectly stated the location of the lesion to be examined was inexcusable, and it served to set the entire cascade of events into action, resulting in wrong-side surgery having been done. The oral surgery expert was deeply critical of Dr. M, claiming that he failed to clinically correlate the location findings on a biopsy report with the patient's actual condition, and then compounded the situation by being unwilling to address his error, thereby violating his duties, both surgically and ethically. In short, said this expert, Dr. M failed to do the most basic tasks, namely double checking the intended surgical site before performing irreversible, life-altering treatments.

Substantial settlement amounts were paid to T on behalf of both Dr. O and Dr. M. Additionally, Dr. M was sanctioned by his State Board.

Takeaways

Wrong-site treatment, including surgery – whether, as here, relating to the side of the mandible to be removed, or extracting a first bicuspid instead of an orthodontically planned-for second bicuspid, or endodontically treating a healthy lower molar instead of the diseased tooth next to it – has permanent effects, which are virtually always preventable. Pre-procedure techniques can be, and routinely are, employed that will stop this type of error from ever taking place, such as taking a time out for confirmation, marking the side/site of surgery, having two people independently confirm what is to be done, clinically correlating a result document (such as a biopsy report) with an actual finding, and having an open, no-consequences policy that encourages office staff to voice any concerns before a potential untoward event begins. The old "a stitch in time" adage is never more applicable than in pre-procedure risk protection.

One of the most frequent case types now seen in malpractice claims is a practitioner performing treatment where it was not intended to be, and the trend appears to be growing. While the reasons for that are simply theories, a common-sense approach is that such events might well be driven by a focus on the number of patients seen and procedures performed. In reality, the amount of time needed before a procedure to assure correct patient, correct site, correct procedure is nominal in comparison to the amount of time that most procedures take. But even if a practitioner or an office is measurably slowed down to achieve those assurances, obligations to patient safety warrant those delays.

This case highlights the consideration of responding to patients and their family members when results are not as planned or expected, when complications come to pass, or, as here, when errors are immediately obvious. It would not likely have changed the ultimate course of legal events had Dr. M responded to T's wife differently, because the negligence was so clear and significant, but it might have reduced the likelihood of a Board complaint being levied against him. Evidence to support that theory lies with the fact that no Board complaint was filed against Dr. O.

The pathology request form sent to Dr. H with the second specimen taken by Dr. O was completed by Dr. O's dental assistant, who wrote the requisition form. By way of a concept known as vicarious liability, what the dental assistant wrote is the functional equivalent of Dr. O having written it herself. The assistant's error, whether copied from Dr. O's own transcription error or not, becomes Dr. O's error as well. All that is delegated comes back to the delegator, so double-checking of even such a seemingly unimportant task is critical for liability protection and for patient protection.

As a background fact, both Dr. O and Dr. M had professional liability ("dental malpractice") policies with "pure consent-to-settle" provisions, meaning that no settlement could have been reached without their agreement to do so. Such a provision means that a practitioner can demand that a lawsuit brought against them be tried in court before a jury, regardless of how strong the evidence of wrongdoing might be. For every case, practitioners are counseled by their attorneys regarding the pros and cons of settlement versus trial, with the potential implications of both fully set out on the table.

Finally, we note that, simply for purposes of brevity, some details, which were not relevant to the risk management issues discussed, were omitted. This is particularly the case regarding the pre-surgical work-up phase of care, secondary criticisms addressed by the experts, and the documentary and testimonial evidence before the State Board. Their absence should not be construed as necessary but missing pieces.

Summary of Takeaways

Wrong site surgery remains a leading and largely preventable source of malpractice claims.
Dentists are accountable for errors made by delegated staff, even when those errors were unintentional.
Simple confirmation practices before irreversible procedures can prevent patient harm and legal consequences.

A fulfilling dental career is powered by passion. In this article, Dr. Shafa Nathani, a member of MedPro Group’s Dental Advisory Board, offers insight on staying motivated and shaping a career that you’re passionate about.

Key Concepts

Job satisfaction and preventing burnout
Continuing education for dentists
Mental health and work-life balance

Cultivating your passion as a dentist can boost your job satisfaction throughout your career. When you genuinely enjoy what you do, it's easier to feel fulfilled and eager to come to work each day. Maintaining enthusiasm at work also helps keep you motivated, especially during difficult periods.

In addition, your passion for your dental career can trickle down into your care. Your upbeat demeanor can be contagious, helping to build trust and a sense of safety with your patients. This often leads to fewer appointment cancellations and a stronger commitment from your patients to stick to their treatment plans.

Building a dental career you love begins with securing reliable dental malpractice insurance – so you can practice safely and confidently with protection against potential malpractice claims. With trusted coverage from industry leader MedPro Group, you’ll get the peace of mind you need to deliver the best care to your patients and focus on fostering a fulfilling career.

Read this article for tips on how to choose the right dental malpractice insurance policy.

Q&A with a MedPro Group Dental Advisory Board Member

We interviewed Dr. Shafa Nathani, DMD, a member of MedPro’s Dental Advisory Board, to learn how she maintains her enthusiasm for her practice.

What’s your favorite part about working with patients?

"Every patient who sits in my chair comes with a story, and that’s something I never take for granted. On most days, the office is busy and fast-paced, and I may only get a few moments with each patient. Still, those moments often carry the most meaning. Whether it’s meeting a new patient for the first time, delivering complete dentures to someone we’ve been caring for over months or years, or seeing a recall patient after a long gap and catching up on their life, those brief connections matter deeply to me. Outside of the technical side of dentistry, it’s these human moments that ground me. After a day that feels like a total blur, they remind me why I chose this profession in the first place and how privileged I am to be trusted with someone’s care, comfort, and confidence.”

How do you prevent burnout as a dentist?

"I’m a little over a year into my career, and I’m currently in a phase of saying ‘yes’ as much as possible, working hard to gain experience and take full advantage of the momentum from dental school. While that growth has been exciting, it also comes with physical and mental challenges.”

“There are days when my back aches, the mental load of running a busy office feels overwhelming, and the idea of taking time off sounds incredibly appealing. Early on, my routine after work was to go straight home, sit on the couch, and try to decompress. However, I quickly realized that I was still waking up tired and feeling like my life revolved entirely around work.”

“Making intentional changes helped shift that mindset. I joined a yoga studio, spent time at the library, and found ways to stay mentally and physically engaged outside of dentistry. Even though I was still tired, I felt fulfilled. That sense of balance has been essential in preventing burnout and helping me remain enthusiastic, motivated, and present for my patients."

Learn more about recognizing and preventing burnout in this article.

Can you share a pivotal moment that reaffirmed your passion for dentistry?

"Within my first month of practicing as a dentist, I treated an older patient whose upper bridge and partial had completely failed. He required full-mouth extractions, but financial limitations prevented him from receiving care from an oral surgeon. I wanted to help him, but I also questioned whether I was capable of managing a case of that complexity so early in my career.”

“I reached out to a mentor who guided me step by step through the surgical process and denture delivery. While he was incredibly grateful for the care, that wasn’t the moment that truly reaffirmed my passion for dentistry. It was everything that followed. Over the next year, I saw him regularly for adjustments and follow-up exams, and during those visits we shared life updates and built a genuine connection. On my last day at that office, we tearfully said goodbye, and he offered me his blessings.”

“That moment reminded me that dentistry is about far more than procedures. It’s about relationships, trust, and long-term impact. He will be attending my wedding later this fall, a testament to how meaningful patient relationships can become."

How important is continuing education to staying passionate about your career?

"Continuing education is incredibly important to me, both professionally and personally. Dental school provides a strong foundation, but it can’t possibly cover everything. Depending on how you want to practice, CE can help shape you into a well-rounded dentist or allow you to focus deeply on a specific niche. I identify strongly with being a well-rounded practitioner.”

“I’ve discovered countless resources and taken courses that reignite my excitement for learning and push me to try new techniques that lead to better clinical outcomes and smoother recovery for patients. Dentistry is constantly evolving, and staying current isn’t optional, it’s a responsibility. Engaging in CE keeps me challenged, curious, and inspired, which directly translates into better patient care."

How do you stay connected to the dental community? How does that affect your passion for your work?

“Having a supportive dental community is vital to my success and longevity in this profession. I’m incredibly grateful for the friendships I formed in dental school. We often joke that between all of us, we somehow cover every time zone in the country. Even though we aren’t geographically close, those friends are the first people I reach out to because they truly understand the challenges, pressures, and victories that come with dentistry. It’s a judgment free space where I can ask questions, vent, or celebrate wins.”

“Additionally, my current role allows me to work within a DSO alongside a strong group of dentists. Through monthly calls and in person collaboration, we’ve built relationships rooted in mutual support and shared growth. This community has been essential in keeping my passion for dentistry alive because I never feel isolated. Instead, I feel supported, encouraged, and reminded that I’m part of something much bigger than myself.”

Passion starts with security

You're passionate about your patients. We're passionate about protecting your good name. With over a century of dental malpractice expertise, we'll protect your practice so you can focus on building a career you love.

To learn more, contact our team or get a quote today.

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In this case study, dentists learn how an implant placement evolved into a malpractice lawsuit after the patient developed persistent postoperative nerve injury symptoms. The case demonstrates how clinical choices made at the planning stage can significantly influence the legal trajectory of a case.

Key Concepts

Understanding divergent opinions between experts
Determining standard of care for different radiographic techniques
Understanding the pure consent to settle clause

Background Facts

Dr. P practiced restorative dentistry in a suburban community, since her completion of dental school and a general practice residency. During her formal training and after, she engaged in didactic and clinical coursework involving implant placement and restoration and regularly recommended and employed dental implants in her treatment plans. That was the case when a new area resident, O, a healthy man in his 40s, presented for general care and consideration for replacing missing tooth #30, which was extracted years ago following a trauma-induced fracture.

O's mouth was in generally good repair, as he practiced good home hygiene and had been a regular dental patient for his entire adult life. Dr. P discussed the replacement options of a 3-unit fixed bridge and an endosseous implant, upon which a single crown would be placed. After taking and viewing a panoramic radiograph, Dr. P advised O that he had "plenty of bone" to support an implant, and she suggested that approach. The costs were similar, so O opted for the implant plan. Dr. P advised O of the usual risks of implant surgery, including a nerve injury which could even be permanent in "rare" situations. O agreed to go forward and set up an appointment within the next few weeks.

At the surgical visit, a chairside assistant presented O with a document entitled Implant Consent Form, telling O that this was exactly what Dr. P had discussed with him. O quickly perused the form and signed it. Based upon measurements she made on the panoramic film, Dr. P determined there to be 14.5 mm of mandibular bone superior to the inferior alveolar canal (IAC), so she planned for and placed a 13 mm fixture. Upon elevating a gingival flap, Dr. P noticed that the lingual height of bone was "a good deal" higher than on the buccal aspect. Other than O briefly wincing toward the end of the preparation phase, all went smoothly, with the implant covered with soft tissue and sutured. A post-placement periapical radiograph showed the implant in very close approximation to the IAC, but Dr. P saw "daylight," so she was not concerned.

One week later, at the suture removal visit, O complained of "pins and needles" and "numbness" on the right side of his lower lip and chin. Dr. P stated that she remained "unconcerned," explaining that this is common and all should be back to normal over the next weeks or months. O returned for crown placement 5 months after implant surgery, still with the same "annoying sensations." Dr. P was surprised that the situation had not normalized, but she continued to reassure O of a return to normal. That never came.

Legal Action

O always found the tingling and numbness to be uncomfortable, but he never thought to do anything about it until he met up with a college classmate of his, now an attorney, at an alumni event. The classmate did not practice law where O now lived but suggested that he consult with an attorney he knew who did "a lot of malpractice work." O met with that lawyer, who gathered all of Dr. P's records and sent O to a local neurologist to assess the extent of the injury. The neurologist confirmed that O's mandibular nerve was in fact injured and did not conceive of any improvement, now nearly two years after the surgical event.

O's attorney contacted an experienced dentist whom he knew, who had testified in dental malpractice cases in the past, and who, like Dr. P, regularly placed and restored implants, seeking to retain that dentist as an expert on behalf of O. Following a review of the records, the expert reported back to the attorney that, in his opinion, Dr. P had deviated from the standard of care, which in the expert's view required the use of CBCT radiography in order to accurately determine available bone for implant placement. The expert cited specifically to Dr. P's intraoperative finding of a sloped mandibular crest, which could not have been determined on the 2-D panoramic but would have been seen on a 3-D CBCT, had one been taken. The expert added to that opinion the concept that, once Dr. P noted that lingual-to-buccal slope, she should have immediately stepped back and reconsidered whether the planned-for 13 mm implant was appropriate, which it ended up not being, as the measurement was based upon the highest point of the crest, rather than lower points on that slope which were closer to the IAC.

The attorney quickly filed suit against Dr. P, as the statute of limitations was approaching. Dr. P contacted her professional liability carrier, which assigned defense counsel to Dr. P. O's attorney voluntarily shared his expert's report with defense counsel, hoping to demonstrate a strong basis for an early settlement. However, defense counsel retained its own expert, who opined that the standard of care allowed for 2-D panoramic films for the purpose of implant planning, although acknowledging a deep split within the dental profession. Some dentists and organized dental groups asserted that (exactly because of anatomic situations as Dr. P found) 3-D studies were required prior to posterior mandibular implant placement, with other dentists and dental groups agreeing with this defense expert's stance. In part, the latter view is supported by the statistical fact that, according to recent assessments, only 29% of U.S. general/restorative dentists have on-site CBCT availability, with less than 2/3 of dental specialists having such access.

Defense counsel recognized that a motion for summary judgment––one seeking dismissal of the case without trial––would not be fruitful because such a motion can only be successful when, among other things, there is no legitimate difference between opposing expert opinions. Therefore, defense counsel thoroughly presented Dr. P with her options: (1) go to trial and ask a jury to determine whether she had run afoul of the standard of care, allowing them to award money to compensate O for his injuries if they determined that she did not meet the standard of care, and if that was causative of his injuries; or (2) trying to reach a pre-trial settlement, presuming that the carrier agreed with that prospect, which it did.

Dr. P frankly said to her attorney that, in multiple continuing education classes she had taken, the need for pre-implant CBCT studies was discussed, for the very reasons highlighted in O's treatment. She further acknowledged that she would have to testify to that experience if asked at trial. Dr. P was concerned, so she authorized attempts to resolve the case. Because O's injuries were viewed, even by his own lawyer, as not severe, evidenced in part by O having never sought subsequent evaluations or care other than at the direction of his attorney, a modest settlement was reached.

Takeaways

It is the rule, and not the exception, that experts for plaintiffs and defendants will disagree, and that is also the case for dentists, outside of the litigation realm. Those disagreements take center stage during dental malpractice trials, with jurors left to determine which of the opposing positions they accept. As Dr. P reasoned here, it is rarely, if ever, simply a coin flip, because a host of factors play into jury determinations, so the pre-trial "prediction calculus" takes into account a common sense approach as to how lay people will most likely come to their conclusions on matters of science and professional expertise. Sometimes demeanors of the parties and/or experts carry the day. Sometimes the bases of expert opinions are determinative, and sometimes, as might play here, particular professional experiences in the dentist's past are of significance. While legitimate (not fabricated) differences of expert conclusions generally preclude dismissal before trial by way of motions, those differences will need to be resolved by a trial jury. There is no getting around that.

This case study briefly touches on the concept of statute of limitations (SOL), so a short description is in order. The SOL is the time following a claimed negligent event (or sometimes the subsequent discovery of that event) within which a plaintiff must file suit or be forever time-barred. Of course, as with so many issues in the law, there are nuances and issues which can serve to lengthen the allowable timeframe, but they are exceptions, with the statutory SOL generally being the bedrock. The concept of SOL is perhaps the most variable legal issue as between the States––or at least close to the top of the list––but it is a consideration for attorneys (or self-represented plaintiffs) to grapple with, and not something with which dentists need to familiarize themselves.

As the body of this case study references, divergent views exist within dentistry as to what radiographic techniques are "best" for various planned procedures or diagnostic approaches, which in the litigation arena often translates to opinions as to standard of care. Articles in respected journals present competing ideas. Some take the approach that dentists are in the most ideal position to make patient-based, procedure-based, and circumstance-based decisions as to which radiographic techniques––whether CBCT, panoramic, periapical, etc.––are most appropriate clinically. Others are more rigid, asserting, for example, that nearly all invasive dental/oral surgical procedures require CBCT studies in advance. While we do not advocate here in either direction, dentists and oral surgeons ought to be aware of these opposing schools of thought and consider them in decision-making, realizing that jurors might get the final say.

We end on a note about the decision faced by Dr. P. Given that she had a "consent-to-settle" policy, it was her right to refuse any type of settlement, regardless of the input or advice of her counsel or insurer. Had she not had such a policy, that decision would not have been hers to make. This is yet another issue for dentists to consider when choosing a malpractice carrier and policy.

MedPro Group is the marketing name used to refer to the insurance operations of The Medical Protective Company, Princeton Insurance Company, PLICO, Inc. and MedPro RRG Risk Retention Group. All insurance products are underwritten and administered by these and other Berkshire Hathaway affiliates, including National Fire & Marine Insurance Company. Product availability is based upon business and/or regulatory approval and/or may differ among companies. © MedPro Group Inc. All rights reserved.

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Key Concepts

Preventing wrong-site surgery through pre-procedure precautions
Vicarious liability for documentation errors
Pure consent to settle clauses in malpractice policies

Background Facts

Legal Action

Substantial settlement amounts were paid to T on behalf of both Dr. O and Dr. M. Additionally, Dr. M was sanctioned by his State Board.

Takeaways

Summary of Takeaways

Wrong site surgery remains a leading and largely preventable source of malpractice claims.
Dentists are accountable for errors made by delegated staff, even when those errors were unintentional.
Simple confirmation practices before irreversible procedures can prevent patient harm and legal consequences.

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Why Accurate Documentation Matters Before Referral and Surgery

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This document does not constitute legal or medical advice and should not be construed as rules or establishing a standard of care. Because the facts applicable to your situation may vary, or the laws applicable in your jurisdiction may differ, please contact your attorney or other professional advisors if you have any questions related to your legal or medical obligations or rights, state or federal laws, contract interpretation, or other legal questions.