Practice More Safely // Risk Tips // How Minor Patients Extend Dental Malpractice Case Timelines

How Minor Patients Extend Dental Malpractice Case Timelines

Marc Leffler, DDS, Esq.
June 8, 2026

Reading time: 8 minutes

Illustration of a wooden judge’s gavel resting on a sound block, positioned in front of dental tools including a mirror, scaler, and forceps, representing a legal case related to dental care or malpractice.

A teen patient’s persistent maxillary pain led to multiple root canal treatments, but the true cause went undiagnosed for months. The case highlights the risks of narrow diagnosis, missed referrals, and how treating a minor can extend malpractice exposure well beyond the expected timeframe.

Key Concepts

Malpractice risks associated with missed diagnoses
Minors and the statute of limitations
The importance of tail coverage

Background facts

Dr. S was a well-experienced dental practitioner who focused on the care of children, although not a pediatric dentist: she found the work challenging, yet rewarding, especially when those children later brought their own children to be treated. R, age 16, was one such patient, whose father, as a teenager, treated with Dr. S when she was new to practice. Severe, right maxillary pain, with persistent headaches led R to come to the office, outside of the routine of his usual 6-month recall visits. By way of evaluating appropriate periapical films of the upper right molars and premolars, as well as a clinical examination with multiple dental testing modalities that demonstrated equivocal findings, Dr. S concluded that the problem was most likely originating with tooth #3 and/or tooth #4, as both had deep MOD restorations placed approximately 3 years prior.

The more likely offending tooth, in the opinion of Dr. S, was the first molar, so, with the approval of R’s father, root canal therapy was completed on that tooth, without any apparent complication, and with the finding of a vital pulp. Nearly a month later, R’s symptoms continued as before the endodontic treatment, so, again with the father’s agreement, Dr. S completed RCT on tooth #4, also without complication and also with a vital pulp. Despite both teeth being subsequently restored, R’s initial presenting complaints remained, and were even subjectively worse, now approaching 6 months later; additionally, R began to have right-sided sinus congestion.

R’s parents arranged for him to see an ENT, who, after performing a limited clinical assessment, sent R for a CT of the sinuses. The study clearly showed a well-circumscribed, lima-bean-sized mass in the right maxillary sinus, located seemingly entirely deep to the Schneiderian Membrane and just above the maxillary posterior teeth. Because of its localized appearance, the ENT expressed to R and his parents that the lesion was likely benign, so a plan was developed to perform an exploratory surgical procedure, through a Caldwell-Luc approach, to excise the mass and examine it microscopically. Surgery at a local hospital went forward under general anesthesia, with the lesion removed and the sinus debrided. The biopsy report determination was that the lesion was a polyp which was, as anticipated, benign and in need of no further treatment.

Within 2 weeks, R was, for the first time in the better part of a year, free of pain and headaches. The ENT concluded and stated to his patient and his parents that all of the symptoms were all along not due to any dental problem, but instead the sinus polyp. It was not until over a year after the RCTs were completed that R’s father questioned Dr. S as to why she failed to diagnose “something” abnormal in the sinus, why she failed to consider any source for R’s complaints other than teeth, and why she performed root canal therapy on 2 teeth without any objective basis for doing so. Although she apologized and expressed empathy for all that R had gone through, she was not able to provide any answers to the direct questions posed to her.

Legal action

R’s father read online that teeth which have had root canal therapy are more likely to fracture, and therefore be prematurely lost, so he began to consider costs that would likely and unnecessarily need to be borne by R in the future, as well as the emotional distress he would endure if he had to go through multiple dental extractions and their replacements. He sought out and retained an attorney to act on his son’s behalf by suing Dr. S for dental malpractice.

When Dr. S was served with papers that had commenced a lawsuit against her, she was immediately faced with a practical reality that she was aware of but had not realistically considered would arise: she had recently changed malpractice carriers but had not purchased extended reporting coverage – a “tail” – for the first carrier’s claims-made policy; because the treatment of R which was at issue took place during the period of the earlier policy, she had no insurance coverage, either for defense or indemnification (payment). After looking at the legal costs she would have to personally bear as a result, she opted to represent herself – acting pro se – counting on some “unofficial” help from a close friend who was an attorney, although not one who had ever practiced in the professional malpractice arena.

Dr. S learned that the state in which she practiced dentistry had a 1-year statute of limitations period for dental malpractice cases, meaning, as she interpreted it, that no such suit against her could validly go forward if it had been started more than 1 year after the date(s) of the claimed negligent treatment, as this suit had. She asked her attorney friend what she could do to stop the suit in its tracks because it was not timely begun: her friend said that the mechanism for doing that was to make a motion to the court for dismissal, on that specific basis. With her friend unwilling to assist her beyond that sole piece of advice, Dr. S thoroughly researched how to place that before the court, realizing that this was her only true hope to be successful in defending the case, acknowledging that she had fallen short in diagnosing the actual problem R had, and instituting incorrect and unneeded treatment. Dr. S’s motion was quickly and decisively opposed by the lawyer for the plaintiffs, R and his father.

The opposition made it clear that Dr. S had relied on only a portion of the law which guided the statute of limitations, ignoring the critical part here, namely that R, as a minor, was entitled to an extension of that time period, such that he was permitted to file his case until 1 year after he reached the age of majority; given that R was well short of age 19, the judge denied Dr. S’s motion and allowed the case to move forward. This left Dr. S with 3 basic options: (1) hire a lawyer to represent/defend her (which she was not willing to do); (2) continue to represent herself through discovery and potentially trial; or (3) try to reach a settlement to end the case. She weighed the costs, likelihood of success, and an unknown amount of money to be paid out if R later prevailed, if she proceeded with her defense, versus taking the bitter pill right then and there, and resolving the case for a sum of money that would be acceptable to all involved. She opted for the latter, and was able to work with R’s attorney to reach an amicable settlement amount, which covered out-of-pocket expenses and compensation for R’s pain and suffering after Dr. S completed her treatment.

Takeaways

The statute of limitations is the amount of time a plaintiff has to initiate suit. States differ as to whether that time clock begins at the time of the negligent action, or when the effects of that negligent action are discovered, or small variations on those themes. But regardless of those differences, the amount of time allowed by each state is strictly fixed for the vast majority of cases. The most frequent exception in nearly all, if not all, of the states is that minors are entitled to an extended amount of time within which to begin a suit in dental malpractice, with the exact length of that time extension also specific to each state. As a tandem concept, many states also require that dentists maintain records for minors longer than for adult patients; practitioners need to be aware of these details, lest they destroy records prematurely, thereby setting up significant legal issues if they cannot produce records during litigation or in response to a Board complaint, at a time when they should still have been maintained.

This case speaks also to both the type and quality of radiographs. Here, while Dr. S was able to radiographically visualize the entirety of the teeth she treated, which is a generally agreed-upon requirement in the dental community, she was unable to visualize the neighboring maxillary sinus. While dentists might legitimately debate whether Dr. S should have taken or ordered a radiographic study (such as a panoramic or CBCT) that also captured the sinus, there is no such dispute that, regardless of how and with what diagnostics she went about it, it was her obligation to assure that she was treating the situation for which the patient was seeking treatment. According to the ENT – by way of what might reasonably be viewed as a joust – Dr. S did not do so. But whether a joust or simply a statement of symptom causation, it was that conclusion by the ENT which most prominently led Dr. S to settle the matter rather than fight it.

Finally, we address the factors which left Dr. S without professional liability coverage: her claims-made policy and her not having purchased a tail upon leaving that policy behind in favor of another. While an occurrence policy will forever protect a dentist – whenever a lawsuit might be filed – if a negligent action took place while that policy was in effect, a claims-made policy will only provide coverage if it is in effect at the time a claim of negligence/malpractice is made, unless a tail was purchased to extend the coverage umbrella of a claims-made policy which is no longer in effect. Some exceptions to the need for a tail – such as death, disability, or retirement – might exist, based upon the stated policy terms, but for the most part, it is the norm that a dentist will be left as Dr. S was if they close a claims-made policy without purchasing tail coverage.

Summary of takeaways:

Broaden the diagnosis: Persistent or unclear symptoms should prompt consideration of non-dental causes and appropriate referral.
Avoid unnecessary treatment: Repeating irreversible procedures without clear evidence increases patient harm and liability risk.
Know your legal exposure: Treating minors can extend the statute of limitations, and gaps in malpractice coverage can leave you personally liable.

Note that this case presentation includes circumstances from several different closed cases, in order to demonstrate certain legal and risk management principles, and that identifying facts and personal characteristics were modified to protect identities. The content within is not the original work of MedPro Group but has been published with consent of the author. Nothing contained in this article should be construed as legal, medical, or dental advice. Because the facts applicable to your situation may vary, or the laws applicable in your jurisdiction may differ, please contact your personal or business attorney or other professional advisors if you have any questions related to your legal or medical obligations or rights, state or federal laws, contract interpretation, or other legal questions.

In this case study, we explore how a misidentified biopsy location – due to a miscommunication - resulted in wrong-site surgery and malpractice claims. The case highlights the importance of documentation accuracy in preventing risks.

Key Concepts

Preventing wrong-site surgery through pre-procedure precautions
Vicarious liability for documentation errors
Pure consent to settle clauses in malpractice policies

Background Facts

T, a 71-year-old man, was a retired carpenter, with a medical history of well-controlled hypertension and chronic, episodic sinusitis, and a social history of having smoked at various times in his life, as much as up to a pack of cigarettes a day. He visited his dentist, Dr. D, at irregular intervals and never wanted to establish a big-picture treatment plan. At his most recent visit, Dr. D noted a course, irregular white area at the buccal mucogingival junction around teeth #29-31. Not feeling comfortable making even a provisional diagnosis, Dr. D referred T to a periodontist, Dr. O, to evaluate the area and treat as needed. Dr. O performed an incisional biopsy of the area and sent it to an oral pathologist, Dr. H, for histopathological assessment. The lesion was read out provisionally as atypical epithelial proliferation, but Dr. H asked for a larger sample to be able to make a more definitive diagnosis.

Dr. O took a second specimen from an immediately adjacent site. Due to a clerical error, Dr. O entered into the chart that this specimen had been taken from the "lower left buccal gingiva," with her dental assistant repeating that error on the pathology request form that was forwarded to Dr. H with the tissue. After microscopically examining the specimen, Dr. H diagnosed it definitively. The report from Dr. H to Dr. O read "squamous cell carcinoma, moderately-to-well differentiated, lower left buccal gingiva," the latter aspect having been copied by Dr. H, exactly from the requisition provided by Dr. O's office with the most recent submission.

Upon seeing the words "squamous cell carcinoma," Dr. O immediately referred T to a double-degree oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Dr. M, who had head and neck surgery fellowship training, for evaluation and treatment, giving T a copy of the biopsy report to take with him. Dr. M reviewed Dr. H's report, examined T, noting a small lesion on the buccal aspect of teeth #30-31, and explained to T that he would need a PET scan to determine whether there had been any spread. Presuming no such spread, Dr. M advised T that the lesion could be successfully treated by surgery alone, specifically a marginal mandibulectomy and a limited neck dissection. The lesion had not spread, per the PET scan and other modalities, so the stated plan would go forward. T agreed and surgery was scheduled at a regional medical center.

On the day of surgery, T waited in a pre-surgery room, where his medical history was reviewed and identification was checked. A consent form stating the procedure to be "removal of portion of lower jaw, and neck dissection" was signed by T and witnessed by a nurse. Dr. M said a brief "hello" to T before changing into scrubs and entering the operating room, where T was already on the table. Dr. M asked the anesthesiologist to proceed.

Dr. M had taped Dr. H's biopsy report to the OR wall, read it again, and prepared to make an extraoral left submandibular incision, through which he would both remove a mandibular segment and perform the limited neck dissection. Technically, the procedure went forward uneventfully, with T then transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit. T's wife was brought in to see her husband while Dr. M was still there, dictating his operative note. She was aghast to see that surgery had been performed on T's left side, when she knew that the cancer was on the right. When she confronted Dr. M on the spot, he said, "here's the biopsy report, read it for yourself."

Shortly after T's initial surgical recovery, another surgeon treated T, this time correctly operating on the right side of T's face and neck. T suffered emotionally, to the extent that he sought and obtained psychological counseling, but he was never able to comfortably eat or drink, or otherwise normally function orally again. He required and received reconstruction bilaterally, but he always found it to be very compromised and esthetically unacceptable.

Legal Action

T retained a seasoned attorney, who collected all records and who obtained opinions from a general dentist (like Dr. D), a periodontist (like Dr. O), an oral pathologist (like Dr. H), and an OMS (like Dr. M). The general dentist saw no liability on Dr. D's part, as he had immediately made an appropriate referral. The oral pathologist similarly found no liability as to Dr. H, reasoning that oral pathologists in biopsy situations do not assess the patient clinically. They simply diagnose what they see microscopically, which he did accurately, and report the findings regarding the site that was conveyed on the requisition it had come from.

The conclusions as to Drs. O and M were quite different. The expert periodontist stated his view of Dr. O's negligence succinctly: Dr. O's recording error which incorrectly stated the location of the lesion to be examined was inexcusable, and it served to set the entire cascade of events into action, resulting in wrong-side surgery having been done. The oral surgery expert was deeply critical of Dr. M, claiming that he failed to clinically correlate the location findings on a biopsy report with the patient's actual condition, and then compounded the situation by being unwilling to address his error, thereby violating his duties, both surgically and ethically. In short, said this expert, Dr. M failed to do the most basic tasks, namely double checking the intended surgical site before performing irreversible, life-altering treatments.

Substantial settlement amounts were paid to T on behalf of both Dr. O and Dr. M. Additionally, Dr. M was sanctioned by his State Board.

Takeaways

Wrong-site treatment, including surgery – whether, as here, relating to the side of the mandible to be removed, or extracting a first bicuspid instead of an orthodontically planned-for second bicuspid, or endodontically treating a healthy lower molar instead of the diseased tooth next to it – has permanent effects, which are virtually always preventable. Pre-procedure techniques can be, and routinely are, employed that will stop this type of error from ever taking place, such as taking a time out for confirmation, marking the side/site of surgery, having two people independently confirm what is to be done, clinically correlating a result document (such as a biopsy report) with an actual finding, and having an open, no-consequences policy that encourages office staff to voice any concerns before a potential untoward event begins. The old "a stitch in time" adage is never more applicable than in pre-procedure risk protection.

One of the most frequent case types now seen in malpractice claims is a practitioner performing treatment where it was not intended to be, and the trend appears to be growing. While the reasons for that are simply theories, a common-sense approach is that such events might well be driven by a focus on the number of patients seen and procedures performed. In reality, the amount of time needed before a procedure to assure correct patient, correct site, correct procedure is nominal in comparison to the amount of time that most procedures take. But even if a practitioner or an office is measurably slowed down to achieve those assurances, obligations to patient safety warrant those delays.

This case highlights the consideration of responding to patients and their family members when results are not as planned or expected, when complications come to pass, or, as here, when errors are immediately obvious. It would not likely have changed the ultimate course of legal events had Dr. M responded to T's wife differently, because the negligence was so clear and significant, but it might have reduced the likelihood of a Board complaint being levied against him. Evidence to support that theory lies with the fact that no Board complaint was filed against Dr. O.

The pathology request form sent to Dr. H with the second specimen taken by Dr. O was completed by Dr. O's dental assistant, who wrote the requisition form. By way of a concept known as vicarious liability, what the dental assistant wrote is the functional equivalent of Dr. O having written it herself. The assistant's error, whether copied from Dr. O's own transcription error or not, becomes Dr. O's error as well. All that is delegated comes back to the delegator, so double-checking of even such a seemingly unimportant task is critical for liability protection and for patient protection.

As a background fact, both Dr. O and Dr. M had professional liability ("dental malpractice") policies with "pure consent-to-settle" provisions, meaning that no settlement could have been reached without their agreement to do so. Such a provision means that a practitioner can demand that a lawsuit brought against them be tried in court before a jury, regardless of how strong the evidence of wrongdoing might be. For every case, practitioners are counseled by their attorneys regarding the pros and cons of settlement versus trial, with the potential implications of both fully set out on the table.

Finally, we note that, simply for purposes of brevity, some details, which were not relevant to the risk management issues discussed, were omitted. This is particularly the case regarding the pre-surgical work-up phase of care, secondary criticisms addressed by the experts, and the documentary and testimonial evidence before the State Board. Their absence should not be construed as necessary but missing pieces.

Summary of Takeaways

Wrong site surgery remains a leading and largely preventable source of malpractice claims.
Dentists are accountable for errors made by delegated staff, even when those errors were unintentional.
Simple confirmation practices before irreversible procedures can prevent patient harm and legal consequences.

A fulfilling dental career is powered by passion. In this article, Dr. Shafa Nathani, a member of MedPro Group’s Dental Advisory Board, offers insight on staying motivated and shaping a career that you’re passionate about.

Key Concepts

Job satisfaction and preventing burnout
Continuing education for dentists
Mental health and work-life balance

Cultivating your passion as a dentist can boost your job satisfaction throughout your career. When you genuinely enjoy what you do, it's easier to feel fulfilled and eager to come to work each day. Maintaining enthusiasm at work also helps keep you motivated, especially during difficult periods.

In addition, your passion for your dental career can trickle down into your care. Your upbeat demeanor can be contagious, helping to build trust and a sense of safety with your patients. This often leads to fewer appointment cancellations and a stronger commitment from your patients to stick to their treatment plans.

Building a dental career you love begins with securing reliable dental malpractice insurance – so you can practice safely and confidently with protection against potential malpractice claims. With trusted coverage from industry leader MedPro Group, you’ll get the peace of mind you need to deliver the best care to your patients and focus on fostering a fulfilling career.

Read this article for tips on how to choose the right dental malpractice insurance policy.

Q&A with a MedPro Group Dental Advisory Board Member

We interviewed Dr. Shafa Nathani, DMD, a member of MedPro’s Dental Advisory Board, to learn how she maintains her enthusiasm for her practice.

What’s your favorite part about working with patients?

"Every patient who sits in my chair comes with a story, and that’s something I never take for granted. On most days, the office is busy and fast-paced, and I may only get a few moments with each patient. Still, those moments often carry the most meaning. Whether it’s meeting a new patient for the first time, delivering complete dentures to someone we’ve been caring for over months or years, or seeing a recall patient after a long gap and catching up on their life, those brief connections matter deeply to me. Outside of the technical side of dentistry, it’s these human moments that ground me. After a day that feels like a total blur, they remind me why I chose this profession in the first place and how privileged I am to be trusted with someone’s care, comfort, and confidence.”

How do you prevent burnout as a dentist?

"I’m a little over a year into my career, and I’m currently in a phase of saying ‘yes’ as much as possible, working hard to gain experience and take full advantage of the momentum from dental school. While that growth has been exciting, it also comes with physical and mental challenges.”

“There are days when my back aches, the mental load of running a busy office feels overwhelming, and the idea of taking time off sounds incredibly appealing. Early on, my routine after work was to go straight home, sit on the couch, and try to decompress. However, I quickly realized that I was still waking up tired and feeling like my life revolved entirely around work.”

“Making intentional changes helped shift that mindset. I joined a yoga studio, spent time at the library, and found ways to stay mentally and physically engaged outside of dentistry. Even though I was still tired, I felt fulfilled. That sense of balance has been essential in preventing burnout and helping me remain enthusiastic, motivated, and present for my patients."

Learn more about recognizing and preventing burnout in this article.

Can you share a pivotal moment that reaffirmed your passion for dentistry?

"Within my first month of practicing as a dentist, I treated an older patient whose upper bridge and partial had completely failed. He required full-mouth extractions, but financial limitations prevented him from receiving care from an oral surgeon. I wanted to help him, but I also questioned whether I was capable of managing a case of that complexity so early in my career.”

“I reached out to a mentor who guided me step by step through the surgical process and denture delivery. While he was incredibly grateful for the care, that wasn’t the moment that truly reaffirmed my passion for dentistry. It was everything that followed. Over the next year, I saw him regularly for adjustments and follow-up exams, and during those visits we shared life updates and built a genuine connection. On my last day at that office, we tearfully said goodbye, and he offered me his blessings.”

“That moment reminded me that dentistry is about far more than procedures. It’s about relationships, trust, and long-term impact. He will be attending my wedding later this fall, a testament to how meaningful patient relationships can become."

How important is continuing education to staying passionate about your career?

"Continuing education is incredibly important to me, both professionally and personally. Dental school provides a strong foundation, but it can’t possibly cover everything. Depending on how you want to practice, CE can help shape you into a well-rounded dentist or allow you to focus deeply on a specific niche. I identify strongly with being a well-rounded practitioner.”

“I’ve discovered countless resources and taken courses that reignite my excitement for learning and push me to try new techniques that lead to better clinical outcomes and smoother recovery for patients. Dentistry is constantly evolving, and staying current isn’t optional, it’s a responsibility. Engaging in CE keeps me challenged, curious, and inspired, which directly translates into better patient care."

How do you stay connected to the dental community? How does that affect your passion for your work?

“Having a supportive dental community is vital to my success and longevity in this profession. I’m incredibly grateful for the friendships I formed in dental school. We often joke that between all of us, we somehow cover every time zone in the country. Even though we aren’t geographically close, those friends are the first people I reach out to because they truly understand the challenges, pressures, and victories that come with dentistry. It’s a judgment free space where I can ask questions, vent, or celebrate wins.”

“Additionally, my current role allows me to work within a DSO alongside a strong group of dentists. Through monthly calls and in person collaboration, we’ve built relationships rooted in mutual support and shared growth. This community has been essential in keeping my passion for dentistry alive because I never feel isolated. Instead, I feel supported, encouraged, and reminded that I’m part of something much bigger than myself.”

Passion starts with security

You're passionate about your patients. We're passionate about protecting your good name. With over a century of dental malpractice expertise, we'll protect your practice so you can focus on building a career you love.

To learn more, contact our team or get a quote today.

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In this case study, dentists learn how an implant placement evolved into a malpractice lawsuit after the patient developed persistent postoperative nerve injury symptoms. The case demonstrates how clinical choices made at the planning stage can significantly influence the legal trajectory of a case.

Key Concepts

Understanding divergent opinions between experts
Determining standard of care for different radiographic techniques
Understanding the pure consent to settle clause

Background Facts

Dr. P practiced restorative dentistry in a suburban community, since her completion of dental school and a general practice residency. During her formal training and after, she engaged in didactic and clinical coursework involving implant placement and restoration and regularly recommended and employed dental implants in her treatment plans. That was the case when a new area resident, O, a healthy man in his 40s, presented for general care and consideration for replacing missing tooth #30, which was extracted years ago following a trauma-induced fracture.

O's mouth was in generally good repair, as he practiced good home hygiene and had been a regular dental patient for his entire adult life. Dr. P discussed the replacement options of a 3-unit fixed bridge and an endosseous implant, upon which a single crown would be placed. After taking and viewing a panoramic radiograph, Dr. P advised O that he had "plenty of bone" to support an implant, and she suggested that approach. The costs were similar, so O opted for the implant plan. Dr. P advised O of the usual risks of implant surgery, including a nerve injury which could even be permanent in "rare" situations. O agreed to go forward and set up an appointment within the next few weeks.

At the surgical visit, a chairside assistant presented O with a document entitled Implant Consent Form, telling O that this was exactly what Dr. P had discussed with him. O quickly perused the form and signed it. Based upon measurements she made on the panoramic film, Dr. P determined there to be 14.5 mm of mandibular bone superior to the inferior alveolar canal (IAC), so she planned for and placed a 13 mm fixture. Upon elevating a gingival flap, Dr. P noticed that the lingual height of bone was "a good deal" higher than on the buccal aspect. Other than O briefly wincing toward the end of the preparation phase, all went smoothly, with the implant covered with soft tissue and sutured. A post-placement periapical radiograph showed the implant in very close approximation to the IAC, but Dr. P saw "daylight," so she was not concerned.

One week later, at the suture removal visit, O complained of "pins and needles" and "numbness" on the right side of his lower lip and chin. Dr. P stated that she remained "unconcerned," explaining that this is common and all should be back to normal over the next weeks or months. O returned for crown placement 5 months after implant surgery, still with the same "annoying sensations." Dr. P was surprised that the situation had not normalized, but she continued to reassure O of a return to normal. That never came.

Legal Action

O always found the tingling and numbness to be uncomfortable, but he never thought to do anything about it until he met up with a college classmate of his, now an attorney, at an alumni event. The classmate did not practice law where O now lived but suggested that he consult with an attorney he knew who did "a lot of malpractice work." O met with that lawyer, who gathered all of Dr. P's records and sent O to a local neurologist to assess the extent of the injury. The neurologist confirmed that O's mandibular nerve was in fact injured and did not conceive of any improvement, now nearly two years after the surgical event.

O's attorney contacted an experienced dentist whom he knew, who had testified in dental malpractice cases in the past, and who, like Dr. P, regularly placed and restored implants, seeking to retain that dentist as an expert on behalf of O. Following a review of the records, the expert reported back to the attorney that, in his opinion, Dr. P had deviated from the standard of care, which in the expert's view required the use of CBCT radiography in order to accurately determine available bone for implant placement. The expert cited specifically to Dr. P's intraoperative finding of a sloped mandibular crest, which could not have been determined on the 2-D panoramic but would have been seen on a 3-D CBCT, had one been taken. The expert added to that opinion the concept that, once Dr. P noted that lingual-to-buccal slope, she should have immediately stepped back and reconsidered whether the planned-for 13 mm implant was appropriate, which it ended up not being, as the measurement was based upon the highest point of the crest, rather than lower points on that slope which were closer to the IAC.

The attorney quickly filed suit against Dr. P, as the statute of limitations was approaching. Dr. P contacted her professional liability carrier, which assigned defense counsel to Dr. P. O's attorney voluntarily shared his expert's report with defense counsel, hoping to demonstrate a strong basis for an early settlement. However, defense counsel retained its own expert, who opined that the standard of care allowed for 2-D panoramic films for the purpose of implant planning, although acknowledging a deep split within the dental profession. Some dentists and organized dental groups asserted that (exactly because of anatomic situations as Dr. P found) 3-D studies were required prior to posterior mandibular implant placement, with other dentists and dental groups agreeing with this defense expert's stance. In part, the latter view is supported by the statistical fact that, according to recent assessments, only 29% of U.S. general/restorative dentists have on-site CBCT availability, with less than 2/3 of dental specialists having such access.

Defense counsel recognized that a motion for summary judgment––one seeking dismissal of the case without trial––would not be fruitful because such a motion can only be successful when, among other things, there is no legitimate difference between opposing expert opinions. Therefore, defense counsel thoroughly presented Dr. P with her options: (1) go to trial and ask a jury to determine whether she had run afoul of the standard of care, allowing them to award money to compensate O for his injuries if they determined that she did not meet the standard of care, and if that was causative of his injuries; or (2) trying to reach a pre-trial settlement, presuming that the carrier agreed with that prospect, which it did.

Dr. P frankly said to her attorney that, in multiple continuing education classes she had taken, the need for pre-implant CBCT studies was discussed, for the very reasons highlighted in O's treatment. She further acknowledged that she would have to testify to that experience if asked at trial. Dr. P was concerned, so she authorized attempts to resolve the case. Because O's injuries were viewed, even by his own lawyer, as not severe, evidenced in part by O having never sought subsequent evaluations or care other than at the direction of his attorney, a modest settlement was reached.

Takeaways

It is the rule, and not the exception, that experts for plaintiffs and defendants will disagree, and that is also the case for dentists, outside of the litigation realm. Those disagreements take center stage during dental malpractice trials, with jurors left to determine which of the opposing positions they accept. As Dr. P reasoned here, it is rarely, if ever, simply a coin flip, because a host of factors play into jury determinations, so the pre-trial "prediction calculus" takes into account a common sense approach as to how lay people will most likely come to their conclusions on matters of science and professional expertise. Sometimes demeanors of the parties and/or experts carry the day. Sometimes the bases of expert opinions are determinative, and sometimes, as might play here, particular professional experiences in the dentist's past are of significance. While legitimate (not fabricated) differences of expert conclusions generally preclude dismissal before trial by way of motions, those differences will need to be resolved by a trial jury. There is no getting around that.

This case study briefly touches on the concept of statute of limitations (SOL), so a short description is in order. The SOL is the time following a claimed negligent event (or sometimes the subsequent discovery of that event) within which a plaintiff must file suit or be forever time-barred. Of course, as with so many issues in the law, there are nuances and issues which can serve to lengthen the allowable timeframe, but they are exceptions, with the statutory SOL generally being the bedrock. The concept of SOL is perhaps the most variable legal issue as between the States––or at least close to the top of the list––but it is a consideration for attorneys (or self-represented plaintiffs) to grapple with, and not something with which dentists need to familiarize themselves.

As the body of this case study references, divergent views exist within dentistry as to what radiographic techniques are "best" for various planned procedures or diagnostic approaches, which in the litigation arena often translates to opinions as to standard of care. Articles in respected journals present competing ideas. Some take the approach that dentists are in the most ideal position to make patient-based, procedure-based, and circumstance-based decisions as to which radiographic techniques––whether CBCT, panoramic, periapical, etc.––are most appropriate clinically. Others are more rigid, asserting, for example, that nearly all invasive dental/oral surgical procedures require CBCT studies in advance. While we do not advocate here in either direction, dentists and oral surgeons ought to be aware of these opposing schools of thought and consider them in decision-making, realizing that jurors might get the final say.

We end on a note about the decision faced by Dr. P. Given that she had a "consent-to-settle" policy, it was her right to refuse any type of settlement, regardless of the input or advice of her counsel or insurer. Had she not had such a policy, that decision would not have been hers to make. This is yet another issue for dentists to consider when choosing a malpractice carrier and policy.

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Key Concepts

Preventing wrong-site surgery through pre-procedure precautions
Vicarious liability for documentation errors
Pure consent to settle clauses in malpractice policies

Background Facts

Legal Action

Substantial settlement amounts were paid to T on behalf of both Dr. O and Dr. M. Additionally, Dr. M was sanctioned by his State Board.

Takeaways

Summary of Takeaways

Wrong site surgery remains a leading and largely preventable source of malpractice claims.
Dentists are accountable for errors made by delegated staff, even when those errors were unintentional.
Simple confirmation practices before irreversible procedures can prevent patient harm and legal consequences.

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Additional Risk Tips content

Why Accurate Documentation Matters Before Referral and Surgery

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This document does not constitute legal or medical advice and should not be construed as rules or establishing a standard of care. Because the facts applicable to your situation may vary, or the laws applicable in your jurisdiction may differ, please contact your attorney or other professional advisors if you have any questions related to your legal or medical obligations or rights, state or federal laws, contract interpretation, or other legal questions.

How Minor Patients Extend Dental Malpractice Case Timelines

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Summary of takeaways:

Additional Risk Tips content